欧美国产日韩图片一区,亚洲综合操逼,美乳超级秀

干貨！一文讀懂《巴黎氣候協(xié)定》

來源：英文聯(lián)播 | 0評論 | 7235查看 | 2015-12-14 10:20:00

　　巴黎氣候變化大會于2015年12月12日晚通過全球氣候變化新協(xié)議。《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》近200個締約方一致同意通過《巴黎協(xié)定》。協(xié)議規(guī)定，各國應(yīng)著眼于盡快達到“溫室氣體排放量的全球峰值”，并在本世紀下半葉實現(xiàn)人類活動排放與自然吸收之間的平衡（凈零排放）。

　　三大目標

　　2攝氏度＋1.5攝氏度；前工業(yè)化水平

　　Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.

　　遏制全球平均溫度至不高于前工業(yè)化時期２攝氏度，謀求將溫度增長限制在不高于前工業(yè)化時期１.５攝氏度，如此才能大幅度降低氣候變化帶來的風險和影響。

　　氣候恢復

　　Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production

　　增強對氣候變化不利影響的適應(yīng)能力，在不威脅糧食生產(chǎn)的前提下，培育氣候恢復和低溫室氣體排放式發(fā)展。

　　資金流動

　　Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development

　　資金流動與低溫室氣體排放和氣候順應(yīng)發(fā)展道路相適應(yīng)。

　　【名詞解釋】Intended Nationally determined contributions（INDCs）

　　國別自定預期貢獻。為實現(xiàn)COP21巴黎協(xié)定，各國公開出臺2020年后應(yīng)對氣候變化規(guī)劃被稱為INDC。這標志著氣候治理路線與《京都議定書》不同，從強制絕對目標轉(zhuǎn)向國家自定貢獻。

　　自己減排，兩種責任

　　共同但有區(qū)別的責任

　　Developed country Parties shall continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction targets.

　　發(fā)達國家應(yīng)承擔整個經(jīng)濟范圍內(nèi)的絕對減排目標。

　　Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.

　　發(fā)展中國家應(yīng)加強限排努力，鼓勵根據(jù)不同的國家情況，向全經(jīng)濟減排或限制目標轉(zhuǎn)移。

　　【名詞辨析】

　　絕對減排（Absolute Emission Reduction）與排放強度（Emissions Intensity ）

　　絕對減排是對二氧化碳和其他溫室氣體排放的量化，排放強度則指每單位經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)出的排放量。對于發(fā)展中國家來說，降低了排放強度，即每生產(chǎn)一個經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)品，排放的溫室氣體減少了，但因為經(jīng)濟總體處于大發(fā)展階段，總體的排放仍然在增加，并將于某一年達到峰值。這與發(fā)達國家要承擔的絕對數(shù)量減排有區(qū)別。

　　國際合作，兩個手段

　　國際可轉(zhuǎn)讓與非市場手段

　　Parties shall, where engaging on a voluntary basis in cooperative approaches that involve the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions, promote sustainable development and ensure environmental integrity and transparency.

　　各方應(yīng)在自愿基礎(chǔ)上使用國際性可轉(zhuǎn)讓減排成果，以實現(xiàn)國別貢獻，促進可持續(xù)發(fā)展并確保環(huán)境數(shù)據(jù)誠實透明。

　　Parties recognize the importance of integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches being available to Parties to assist in the implementation of their nationally determined contributions...including through, inter alia, mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity-building, as appropriate.

　　各方認識到統(tǒng)一、整體、平衡的非市場手段可用于幫助各方履行國別排放貢獻……包括適宜的減緩、順應(yīng)、融資、技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓和能力建設(shè)。

　　除了自己加緊減排，還有什么國際合作的手段呢？第一是市場手段。比方說，我比較窮，有減排份額排不完，我就賣給你，你把我的份額用了，拿出錢來幫助我發(fā)展綠色經(jīng)濟，這時市場的方法。第二是非市場手段。

　　順應(yīng)氣候首先要順應(yīng)實際

　　Parties acknowledge that adaptation action should follow a country-driven, gender-responsive, participatory and fully transparentapproach, taking into consideration vulnerable groups, communities and ecosystems, and should be based on and guided by the best available science and, as appropriate, traditional knowledge, knowledge of indigenous peoples and local knowledge systems, with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant socioeconomic and environmental policies and actions.

　　各方承認順應(yīng)行為應(yīng)以國家為基礎(chǔ)，考慮性別因素，鼓勵參與及保證透明?？紤]到弱勢群體、社區(qū)和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，以最可行的科技和最適宜的傳統(tǒng)知識、當?shù)亟?jīng)驗為基礎(chǔ)，旨在把順應(yīng)行為整合到相關(guān)的社會經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境政策及行為中去。

　　不可避免的究竟不可避免，不僅要減緩，還要順應(yīng)。和人類在冰河時期死傷大半不同，現(xiàn)在這種順應(yīng)有更多的倫理和科學考慮，其中最重要一點，就是要結(jié)合當?shù)貙嶋H情況。

　　誰應(yīng)該拿錢？

　　Developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention.

　　發(fā)達國家應(yīng)向發(fā)展中國家提供財政支持，繼續(xù)按現(xiàn)有《公約》義務(wù)支持其減緩和順應(yīng)。

　　Support, including financial support, shall be provided to developing country Parties for...strengthening cooperative action on technology development and transfer at different stages of the technology cycle.

　　應(yīng)向發(fā)展中國家提供財力支持，以在技術(shù)周期的不同階段，強化技術(shù)發(fā)展和技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓的合作行為。

　　怎么搞的要說清楚

　　Each Party shall regularly provide the following information:

　　(a) A national inventory report of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases, prepared using good practice methodologies accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement

　　各方應(yīng)定期提供下列信息。

　　a）提供國家人為排放溫室氣體的來源及消除清單，采用氣候變化政府間小組接受且巴黎協(xié)議約定的正確方法。

　　(b) Information necessaryto track progress made in implementing and achieving its nationally determined contribution under Article 4

　　b）實施和達到國別排放目標中可追查的信息。

　　五年一盤點

　　The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every five years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement.

　　巴黎協(xié)議各方應(yīng)于2023年達成階段性目標并進行全球盤點，此后每五年一次，除非巴黎協(xié)議另有規(guī)定。

　　何時生效？

　　This Agreement shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date on which at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting in total for at least an estimated 55 percent of the total global greenhouse gas emissions have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

　　本協(xié)議將于至少55個參與國（其其排放量占比超過全球的55%）遞交簽署、批準或加入文件當日后的第３０日起生效。

評論

相關(guān)閱讀

国产主播在线观看,日本A在线视频,91精品不卡日韩,日韩欧美亚洲国产,91久久久在线观看,欧美国产精品一三区,免费一区二区三区四区,性感AV无码一区二区,欧美亚洲牲交a久久